Glues accounted for 17.2% of deaths from volatile substance abuse between 1971 and 1997. In recent years, the frequency of glue-related deaths has decreased.

Contact adhesives account for about 49% of all adhesive deaths. The main solvent found in these is toluene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, but esters, ketones and chlorinated compounds can also be found.

Plastic bags are associated with over 64% of all adhesive deaths. A greater proportion of deaths result from trauma, such as hanging and drowning, than with other substances.

The most commonly associated effect of direct contact with adhesive products is perioral eczema (glue-sniffer's rash), which is the result of direct contact of the solvent with the skin.

Evidence suggests that long-term abuse of toluene-based products may affect the central nervous system and cause lung damage. There is also persuasive evidence of damage to the eyes, inner ear, muscles, nerves, heart and other organs, and evidence of chromosomal damage and possible damage to the foetus.

Modifications to reduce the potential for abuse include replacing the volatile element with water-based adhesives. The incorporation of additives, such as oil of mustard, imparts an offensive smell to the product, acting as a deterrent to abuse. Another additive used by manufacturers in other product areas is Bitrex, which is used in products such as bleach. This imparts a foul taste to the liquid, which means that should children accidentally drink it, they will quickly spit it out.

Usage and safety instructions on adhesives vary, but are typically incorporated within general health and safety warnings on containers, for example, "Do not breathe vapour", "Harmful by inhalation" or "Irritating to eyes and respiratory system".

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